上海给美国🇺🇸
中华民国 中央银行 造币厂 ； 中华苏维埃共和国 中央银行 造币厂 （ 分别介绍 前世今生） 民国与苏区造币史 陈斯红 中华民国中央银行造币厂 历史沿革 前身为1905年清廷设立的"户部造币总厂"，1914年北洋政府改组为"天津造币总厂" 1928年国民政府统一货币制度，成立中央造币厂（上海），1933年实施"废两改元"后成为法币主要铸造机构 1949年迁台后于高雄设立新厂，至今仍承担新台币铸造 技术特征 引进美国造币设备，首创"船洋"等机制银元 抗战时期秘密铸造含银量不足的"抗日币"支援军费 现存上海旧址为国家级文保单位，保留民国金融建筑特色 中华苏维埃共和国国家银行造币厂 革命金融起源 1931年在江西瑞金成立，用祠堂改建，手工打造"工"字银元 1932年迁至洋溪村，建立苏区首个机械化造币厂，日产银元超千枚 战时货币斗争 通过降低含银量（从90%降至50%）扩大发行量，解决红军给养问题 独创"暗记防伪"技术：在银元隐蔽处刻"工"字区分敌我 历史遗产 现存洋溪旧址展示土法炼银、冲压等革命时期造币工艺 2016年中国人民银行发行"中国工农红军长征胜利80周年"纪念币致敬这段历史 （注：两地造币厂分别体现传统金融体系与革命金融创新的鲜明对比） 中华民国中央造币厂与中华苏维埃共和国中央造币厂，分别代表了近代中国两种不同政权下的货币发行体系。以下是这两座造币厂的“前世今生”： 一、 中华民国中央造币厂（上海） 1. 筹建与诞生 该厂的筹建源于统一全国币制的迫切需求。自晚清以来，外国银币大量流入，加之国内各省所铸银元重量和成色不一，导致币制极度紊乱。为防止在华外国势力控制中国铸币权，上海银行界于1919年呈请设立造币厂以统一铸造权。由于北洋政府财政困难，建厂经费由上海银行公会组建银团借款解决。厂房于1922年落成，但因资金问题一度停滞。直到1927年南京国民政府接收后重启筹建，并于1928年正式更名为“中央造币厂”。 2. 鼎盛时期 1930年，中央造币厂各项工程竣工并投入运行。1933年，为配合“废两改元”政策，国民政府规定银本位币的铸造专属于中央造币厂，从而结束了各省分铸银币的局面。该厂生产的第一批银币是“民国二十一年”版壹元银币，标志着国家铸币权的集中。 3. 抗战内迁与战后发展 抗日战争爆发后，随着金融中心向大后方迁移，中央造币厂的业务也随之调整。在重庆等地设立了相关的印制和造币机构。抗战胜利前夕（1945年），因法币严重贬值、通货膨胀失控，内迁重庆的中央造币厂开始铸造标准化金条（即民间俗称的“小黄鱼”），以重塑金融信用并回笼货币。 4. 历史归宿 1949年新中国成立后，中国人民银行接管了位于上海的中央造币厂及遗留物资。此后，该厂多次更名，2008年正式更名为“上海造币有限公司”。如今，这座位于苏州河畔的新古典主义风格百年老厂，不仅继续承担着国家法定货币的生产任务，其保留下来的历史建筑也成为了见证中国近代工业文明与货币制度变迁的重要地标。 二、 中华苏维埃共和国中央造币厂（瑞金） 1. 艰难起步 该厂的建立是为了打破国民党反动派对中央苏区严酷的军事“围剿”和经济封锁。其前身最早可追溯至1929年由江西兴国县东村乡几名银匠手工办起的东村区造币厂。此后，该厂先后被兴国县苏维埃政府和江西省苏维埃政府接管。1931年冬，奉中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府指示，造币厂迁至瑞金叶坪洋溪村，正式成立“中央造币厂”，由苏维埃国家银行直接领导。 2. 半机械化与反封锁斗争 建厂初期，造币厂主要依靠手工制造。1932年3月，红军在福建上杭县缴获了一套铸币机和钢模，工人们将其改装并精心刊刻钢模，使中央造币厂步入半机械化生产阶段。为了在白区购买食盐、布匹、药品等紧缺物资，造币厂不仅铸造了苏区流通的苏维埃银圆和铜毫，还大量仿铸能在白区流通的“袁大头”、“鹰光”等银圆。这些足色足秤的银圆有力地打破了敌人的经济禁运，保障了根据地军民的生活与战争需要。 3. 长征转移与光荣使命 1934年10月，中央红军主力被迫撤离苏区进行长征，中央造币厂随之停止生产。工人们组成运输队，在国家政治保卫队的护送下，将机器设备和原材料转移至于都县高陂龙山村。根据指示，工人们将设备深埋于山区后，编入红军独立第二十四师参加游击战争。至此，中华苏维埃共和国中央造币厂完成了它在土地革命时期的光荣历史使命。 这两座造币厂虽然性质和历史背景截然不同，但都在特定的历史时期发挥了稳定金融、保障民生的关键作用，留下了宝贵的物质与精神财富。 Here is the English translation of the introduction to the two mints: The Central Mint of the Republic of China and the Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic represented distinct monetary issuance systems under different regimes in modern China. Below is an overview of their "past and present": 1. The Central Mint of the Republic of China (Shanghai) 1. Planning and Establishment The establishment of this mint stemmed from the urgent need to unify the national currency system. Since the late Qing Dynasty, foreign silver coins had flooded into China, and the weight and fineness of silver dollars minted by various provinces were inconsistent, leading to extreme monetary chaos. To prevent foreign forces from controlling China's coinage, the Shanghai banking sector petitioned for a unified mint in 1919. Due to financial difficulties, the construction funds were raised through loans organized by a banking syndicate. The factory building was completed in 1922 but stagnated temporarily due to lack of funds. After being taken over by the Nanjing National Government in 1927, preparations resumed, and it was officially renamed the "Central Mint" in 1928. 2. Golden Age In 1930, the Central Mint completed its projects and began operations. In 1933, to implement the "abolition of the tael and adoption of the dollar" policy, the National Government stipulated that the exclusive right to mint silver standard coins belonged to the Central Mint, ending the era of provincial mints striking silver dollars. The first batch of silver coins produced were the "Year 21 of the Republic" one-dollar silver coins, marking the centralization of national coinage rights. 3. Wartime Relocation and Post-War Development With the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, as the financial center moved to the rear areas, the Central Mint adjusted its operations accordingly, establishing related printing and minting institutions in Chongqing and other places. On the eve of the war's end (1945), due to severe depreciation of fiat currency and runaway inflation, the relocated Central Mint in Chongqing began casting standardized gold bars (colloquially known as "little yellow fish") to rebuild financial credibility and absorb excess currency. 4. Historical Legacy After the founding of New China in 1949, the People's Bank of China took over the Central Mint in Shanghai along with its remaining assets. The factory underwent several name changes and was officially renamed "Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd." in 2008. Today, this century-old neo-classical factory located on the Suzhou Creek not only continues to produce legal tender but also serves as an important landmark witnessing the evolution of modern Chinese industrial civilization and the monetary system. 2. The Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic (Ruijin) 1. Humble Beginnings The mint was established to break the ruthless military encirclement and strict economic blockade imposed by the Kuomintang reactionaries against the Central Soviet Area. Its origins can be traced back to August 1929 when a few silversmiths in Dongcun Township, Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province, set up a manual mint. It was subsequently taken over by the Xingguo County Soviet Government and later the Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Government. In the winter of 1931, following instructions from the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, the mint relocated to Yangxi Village, Yeping, Ruijin, and was officially named the "Central Mint," directly under the leadership of the State Bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic. 2. Semi-Mechanization and the Fight Against Blockades Initially, the mint relied mainly on manual labor. In March 1932, the Red Army captured a set of coin-minting machines and steel molds in Shanghang County, Fujian Province. Workers modified these machines and meticulously engraved new molds, propelling the Central Mint into a semi-mechanized production phase. To purchase urgently needed materials such as salt, cloth, and medicine in Kuomintang-controlled areas, the mint not only produced Soviet silver dollars and copper cents for circulation within the Soviet area but also extensively counterfeited silver dollars like "Yuan Shikai dollars" and "Eagle dollars" that could circulate in enemy territories. These full-weight, high-purity silver coins effectively broke the economic embargo and ensured the livelihood of soldiers and civilians as well as wartime needs. 3. The Long March Transfer and Glorious Mission In October 1934, as the main forces of the Central Red Army evacuated the Soviet Area for the Long March, the Central Mint ceased production. Workers formed transport teams and, escorted by the National Political Security Bureau, transferred the machinery and raw materials to Longshan Village, Gaopi, Yudu County. Following orders, they buried the equipment deep in the mountains and joined the 24th Independent Division of the Red Army to engage in guerrilla warfare. Thus, the Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic fulfilled its glorious historical mission during the Agrarian Revolutionary War. Although differing fundamentally in nature and historical background, both mints played pivotal roles in stabilizing finance and safeguarding people's livelihoods during their respective eras, leaving behind invaluable material and spiritual wealth. Here is the English introduction in paragraph form, without tables: ______ I. Central Mint of China (Republic of China / Central Bank of China) The Central Mint was originally approved as the Shanghai Mint in 1920 by the Beiyang Government. In 1928, after the Northern Expedition, the Nanjing Nationalist Government renamed it the Central Mint of China (中央造幣廠), placing it under the Ministry of Finance and later the Central Bank of China. It officially began operations in 1933, minting the "Junk Silver Dollar" (船洋) for the currency unification reform. During the Second Sino-Japanese War it relocated inland to Chengdu, Guilin, Kunming, Lanzhou, and Wuchang, returning to Shanghai in 1946. In May 1949, as the civil war ended, its equipment and some personnel were evacuated to Taiwan and re-established first in Taipei and later (1977) at Guishan, Taoyuan—today it operates as the Central Mint, subordinate to the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan), minting New Taiwan Dollar coins and commemorative issues. The portion left in Shanghai was taken over by the PLA Military Control Commission on May 28, 1949, reorganized as the People's Mint, and eventually became Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. (上海造币有限公司) under China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation, which still produces circulating Renminbi coins and commemorative coins. ______ II. Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic (1932–1934) The Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国中央造币厂) was founded in spring 1932 in Yangxi Village, Ruijin, Jiangxi—the "Red Capital"—based on the earlier Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Mint. It was directly subordinate to the National Bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic (headed by Mao Zemin). After acquiring minting machinery from Shanghang, Fujian in March 1932, it achieved semi-mechanized production, minting Soviet 20-cent silver coins and also counterfeiting "Yuan Shikai" and "Sun Yat-sen" silver dollars for trade with KMT-controlled ("White") areas to break the economic blockade. When the Central Red Army began the Long March in October 1934, the mint ceased operations; machinery was buried and staff were incorporated into guerrilla units. The original site in Ruijin has been restored and is now a provincial-level protected cultural heritage site open to the public as part of the Ruijin Central Revolutionary Base Area Memorial Hall. ______ Let me know if you'd like the key coin names or museum addresses in English too! 一、中华民国中央造币厂（国民政府） 即"中央造币厂"，1920年北洋政府批准筹建上海造币厂，1928年南京国民政府接管并更名为中央造币厂，初隶财政部，后属中央银行体系，厂址上海苏州河光复西路17号。 前世（民国时期）：1933年正式投产铸"船洋"（孙中山像银元），推行废两改元；1935年法币改革后改铸镍铜辅币。抗战爆发内迁，于重庆、成都、桂林、兰州、昆明设分厂。1945年返沪整修，1948年为金圆券铸辅币，1949年5月将部分设备人员迁台。 今生（两岸分流）： 大陆部分：1949年5月28日由上海市军管会接管，改称人民造币厂→国营614厂→上海造币厂→上海造币有限公司（中国印钞造币旗下），至今仍铸人民币流通硬币及金银纪念币。 台湾部分：迁台后暂设台北酒泉街，1977年迁至桃园龟山现址，称中央造币厂（Central Mint），直属"中央银行"，负责新台币辅币、纪念币及勋章铸造。 ______ 二、中华苏维埃共和国中央造币厂（红色政权） 1932年春在江西瑞金叶坪洋溪村正式成立，直属中华苏维埃共和国国家银行（毛泽民任行长时由其代管），是中国共产党领导下第一个中央级造币机构。 前世（苏区时期）：前身为1929年兴国东村乡造币厂→1930年江西省苏维埃政府造币厂→1931年冬迁瑞金改组为中央造币厂。初期手工，1932年红军缴获福建上杭铸币机后实现半机械化。铸造苏维埃贰角银币、仿铸"袁大头""孙小头""鹰洋"等（用于白区贸易打破封锁）。全盛时有职工170余人。 结局与现状：1934年10月中央红军长征，设备就地掩埋，人员编入部队打游击，造币厂停办。旧址（瑞金叶坪洋溪村刘氏私祠）现存并修复开放，为江西省文物保护单位，纳入瑞金中央革命根据地纪念馆管理，是红色金融史重要遗址。 ______ 简言之：国民政府中央造币厂分裂为今日上海造币有限公司（大陆）和台湾中央造币厂（桃园）；苏维埃中央造币厂随长征结束而停办，旧址作为革命文物保存于江西瑞金。 如需某处具体地址、文物照片或铸币实物特征可再问我。 💋🍀陈斯红🍀💋